JACK WHISNER learned the complexities of urban transit the hard way, designing bus routes at Metro Transit. Twenty years in those trenches hasn’t dimmed his passion for making transit work—or his dismay when it doesn’t. And so when he saw two other big transit players—Sound Transit and the City of Seattle—embarking on what seemed like a costly, counterproductive boondoggle, he didn’t just shrug his shoulders. Writing as a private citizen, Whisner sent a searing critique to Mayor Mike McGinn and the City Council (Read Whisner’s letter to Mayor McGinn and the City Council.)
The project in question is a second streetcar line, which Seattle plans to build across First Hill—between the light rail stations at Fifth and Jackson, and Broadway and John—with money from Sound Transit. Whisner wrote that it would be redundant in an area already heavily served by clean, quiet electric trolleybuses; if the city really wants to reduce carbon emissions, wouldn’t it make more sense to replace diesel buses somewhere else and upgrade the existing trolley service?
Furthermore, to avoid steep inclines and getting tangled in existing trolleybus power lines, the streetcar would have to detour for 10 blocks, up to 14th Avenue and back, adding to travel times and slowing traffic on busy arterials. Engineers would have to work the streetcar’s power lines around the trolleys’, which Whisner warned could cause construction delays, cost overruns, and more traffic disruption.
Rubber-wheeled trolleys climb steeper hills. They could run up Yesler to Broadway—a much more direct, less congested route, costing a small share of the $50 million per mile it takes to build a streetcar. That would leave funds to extend the line further down Broadway, something Capitol Hill folks are already clamoring for—perhaps even to the Ship Canal or U District—and keep the trolleys running “about every five minutes.”
“The First Hill streetcar is clearly a risky and suboptimal transit investment,” Whisner concluded. In a time of growing ridership, when cash-starved Metro must cut hundreds of thousands of hours of bus service, transit agencies should be seeking the most bang for their shrinking bucks.
Whisner isn’t alone in this view. At least three council members, including transportation chair Tom Rasmussen, are convinced. Nevertheless, two weeks after Whisner sent his critique, McGinn recommended the streetcar plan to the City Council, which subsequently approved it. The city plans to start construction later this year and finish by 2014. Even skeptics like Rasmussen concede the train has left the station and probably can’t be stopped.
The reasons have everything to do with two factors: the perceived ability of rail transit to attract development and new riders, and regional transit’s fragmented political landscape.
In recommending the streetcar route, McGinn noted it would spur the “revitalization of Broadway.” Economic development is the mantra of streetcar boosters around the country—including McGinn’s predecessor, Greg Nickels, who hatched both the First Hill project and the completed South Lake Union streetcar. The logic: Fixed, presumably permanent tracks reassure both developers and rookie riders, and sleek, Euro-style streetcars draw upscale passengers who disdain buses.
To the first argument, Tom Rasmussen likes to say, “Look up!” Trolleybuses also have fixed guideways, overhead. And new European trolleybuses have the same convenience and cool factor; San Francisco is buying them from the Czech company that made Tacoma’s and Portland’s streetcars.
Still, Rasmussen sees no hope of switching the Sound Transit funds over to trolleys. That money—$132 million—is compensation for a light rail station originally promised for First Hill, then nixed as too costly and risky. In 2008 voters approved a second Sound Transit package that included the streetcar; officials say they’re following the voters’ will. The Sound Transit board has however eliminated other voter-approved features, including an I-90 busway and light rail stations at Graham and South 200th streets. (Those would merely serve low-income passengers, not new development, and so were deemed expendable.)
Ethan Melone, the city’s rail program manager, says Sound Transit has told city officials it won’t fund “local” transit such as trolleys; a streetcar serving the same route qualifies as a “regional” solution. Whisner notes that other cities have negotiated with the regional agency for better terms: “Seattle can be just as assertive.”
Seattle has opted to go along, rather than risk losing the funds. But it’s not free money: It comes from Seattle taxpayers, and comes back to them at a price. The city must cover any overruns and, together with Metro, operating costs, as it does on Lake Union (where Vulcan paid most of the up front expense). The lightly used SLU streetcar costs the city about $500,000, plus 15,000 hours of lost bus service, per year. It cost $211 per hour to operate in 2009, versus $109 for Metro’s trolleys. Melone says that reflects “a higher level of maintenance and service” for rail, not an “intrinsic cost differential.” He avows costs will go down when “the system expands,” achieving “economies of scale.”
Now the city wants to double down on this bet with a second streetcar. It won’t be the last. After First Hill’s done, pressure will build for a downtown line that would connect it and the South Lake Union line. And help justify their existence.
Published: February 2011
Hi Rick@SDOT.
Citations please. Real name, vs anonymous, wouldn’t hurt either.
Wow. Impressive. ~101 riders per hour. (Assuming 5564 hrs / year.) Or 25 per trip. (Assuming 4 trips/hour.)
Totally worth it.
That Metro had to cut service to pay for Vulcan’s new streetcar is just one of those acceptable
A better metric would be passenger miles traveled per year. You being with SDOT, you already knew that.
The streetcar may ultimately prove useful once South Lake Union becomes inhabited. But at what cost? Robbing Peter to pay Paul doesn’t qualify as leadership.
Errata: Oops. Just realized trips run both ways. So 8 trips/hour, 12.5 riders per trip. Even more impressive.
If someone has better #s, please post.
What a surprise that a Metro bus planner thinks buses would be the best way to connect First Hill with the light rail line! Great reporting, Eric!
Except there’s this:
http://www.soundtransit.org/Documents/pdf/projects/link/north/FHTransitAltsRpt2007-04-17.pdf
Which says this:
"Ridership Advantage/Desirability of Use – As noted above, streetcar systems have several advantages over bus transit that make them more attractive to riders. One local example can be found in the City of Tacoma.
The Tacoma Link light rail line between the downtown Theater District and the Tacoma Dome Station replaced a Downtown Connector bus service that previously operated on Pacific Avenue/South 25th Street in the same market. The
Downtown Connector was a free, peak-hour weekday shuttle that operated every 12 minutes. During summer 2002, midday service was added to the Downtown Connector during Tacoma Link construction.
In August 2003, Tacoma Link opened as a free, 1.7 mile long all-day service operating at a frequency of 10 minutes on weekdays. The truest comparison of ridership on the two services is between the summer of 2002 and the same period subsequent to the Link system’s opening in August 2003. Even accounting for the slightly improved service level, the opening of rail service clearly and dramatically increased transit ridership, with data showing a 500 percent improvement."
A couple of facts from SDOT that readers may find helpful after reviewing this story:
-The operating costs of the First Hill Streetcar will be paid for by Sound Transit, not the City of Seattle and King County Metro Transit.
-The South Lake Union Streetcar is highly used by riders. 2010 ridership was 565,000, a 15 percent increase over 2009 and a 25 percent increase since the first full year of operation in 2008. The South Lake Union line is so busy during peak periods that employers in South Lake Union have offered to pay for an increase in peak hour service.
-The First Hill line addresses a clear transit need. No bus line follows the First Hill Streetcar alignment, and the trolley bus service that is parallel to the alignment is primarily on Jackson Street in the International District and two blocks on Capitol Hill. There is no trolley bus service for most of the mile-long stretch of Broadway that the First Hill Streetcar will serve; the overhead wires on this stretch of Broadway are simply used to route trolley buses back to their maintenance base.
-Trolley buses running up Yesler to Broadway would not connect First Hill to other transit options. Yesler Way is several blocks away from the regional light rail, commuter rail and express bus hub in the International District. Making connections to this transportation hub from First Hill is one of the major objectives of the First Hill Streetcar.
-Instead of taking issue with the proposed First Hill line, the Seattle City Council unanimously approved both its alignment and the agreement with Sound Transit for the city to build it.
-The project will be finished earlier than 2014. It will start this fall and conclude by the fall of 2013.
So there! Discussion over!
Eric Scigliano has a long history of putting his anti-rail ideology in print. The results have been, well, pretty hilarious:
http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/scig.htm
ES pushing hard for “transit of the future” (monorail & PRT) over light rail. Which kills people – 1997
http://www.globaltelematics.com/pitf/scig3.htm
ES says replace light rail with monorail with an alignment up Capitol Hill; nobody will use CH light rail because of elevators. They will just walk – 1997
http://www.gregorme.com/patents/wo991076620prior20art/3d%20cave/pdf_dl.pdf
ES says monorail/PRT: the future! Light rail? Controversial – 1998
http://www.seattleweekly.com/1999-06-16/news/train-to-nowhere/
ES says elevators in light rail tunnels are scary & slow; superior buses only take 10 minutes! – 1999
http://www.seattleweekly.com/1999-03-03/news/the-tracks-of-their-fears/
ES bashing on light rail – 1999
http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/1037
ES promoting the ridiculous concept of “proximate commuting” – 2002
http://www.globaltelematics.com/pitf/aptmobile.htm
ES telling us ‘microcars’ are the answer to congestion – 2008
http://www.seattlemet.com/real-estate/articles/transit-0609/2/
ES says: Light rail is here – “where’s the parking?” – 2009
Scigliano bases his three decade opposition to rail on a myth, talk radio host style. He thought monorail could climb hills because of rubber tires, and light rail was limited to flatlands. I don’t think he ever bothered to look up the facts all those years http://www.lightrailnow.org/myths/m_mythlog001.htm